Assessment is a crucial component of the education process, and it serves various purposes.

Three common approaches to assessment are:

• Assessment of Learning (AoL);
• Assessment for Learning (AfL);
• Assessment as Learning (AaL). 
  
  Each approach has distinct goals and methods. Here are the key differences:

1. Assessment of Learning (AoL):

• Purpose: AoL is typically conducted to evaluate and measure the learning outcomes or achievements of students at the end of a course, unit, or educational program. It is summative in nature, focusing on assessing what students have learned.
• Timing: AoL usually occurs after the learning has taken place, often through final exams, standardised tests, or culminating projects.
• Examples: Final exams, standardised tests, end-of-term projects, and standardised assessments like SATs or GCSE/GCEs.

2. Assessment for Learning (AfL):

• Purpose: AfL, also known as formative assessment, is aimed at improving the learning process while it is happening. Its primary goal is to provide ongoing feedback to students and teachers to enhance learning and inform instructional decisions.
• Timing: AfL is conducted during the learning process, allowing educators to adjust their teaching strategies and students to make improvements in real-time.
• Examples: In-class quizzes, peer assessments, self-assessments, teacher feedback, classroom observations.

3. Assessment as Learning (AaL):

• Purpose: AaL is a more student-centred approach where students take an active role in assessing their own learning. It emphasises metacognition and encourages students to reflect on their learning process and make connections to prior knowledge.
• Timing: AaL occurs throughout the learning process, as students continuously monitor their understanding and make adjustments to their learning strategies.
• Examples: Self-assessments, learning journals, goal setting, reflection exercises.

Key Differences:

• Focus: AoL focuses on evaluating the final outcomes and achievements of students, while AfL and AaL focus on the learning process itself and how it can be improved.

• Timing: AoL happens after learning, whereas AfL and AaL are ongoing processes that occur during learning.

• Role of Feedback: In AfL, feedback is an integral part of the process and is used to guide and support ongoing learning. In AaL, students actively engage with self-assessment and reflection, using feedback to improve their learning.

• Teacher vs. Student-Centred: AoL is typically teacher-centred, with educators assessing students' performance. AfL and AaL are more student-centred, with a focus on involving students in their own learning and self-assessment.

• Outcome: AoL provides a summary of what has been learned, while AfL and AaL aim to improve learning outcomes by providing feedback and fostering metacognitive skills.

In summary, these three assessment approaches serve distinct purposes within education. AoL evaluates learning outcomes, AfL supports and informs ongoing learning, and AaL empowers students to take an active role in their own learning and self-assessment. Effective assessment strategies often incorporate elements of all three approaches to provide a comprehensive view of student progress and achievement.